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chemical kinetics
Chemical kinetics, also known as reaction kinetics, is the study of rates of chemical processes. Chemical kinetics includes investigations of how different experimental conditions can influence the speed of a chemical reaction and yield information about the reaction's mechanism and transition states, as well as the construction of mathematical models that can describe the characteristics of a chemical reaction. In 1864, Peter Waage and Cato Guldberg pioneered the development of chemical kinetics by formulating the law of mass action, which states that the speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the quantity of the reacting substances.〔C.M. Guldberg and P. Waage,"Studies Concerning Affinity" ''C. M. Forhandlinger: Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiana'' (1864), 35〕〔P. Waage, "Experiments for Determining the Affinity Law" ,''Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania'', (1864) 92.〕〔C.M. Guldberg, "Concerning the Laws of Chemical Affinity", ''C. M. Forhandlinger i Videnskabs-Selskabet i Christiania'' (1864) 111〕
Chemical kinetics deals with the experimental determination of reaction rates from which rate laws and rate constants are derived. Relatively simple rate laws exist for zero order reactions (for which reaction rates are independent of concentration), first order reactions, and second order reactions, and can be derived for others. Elementary reactions follow the law of mass action, but the rate law of stepwise reactions has to be derived by combining the rate laws of the various elementary steps, and can become rather complex. In consecutive reactions, the rate-determining step often determines the kinetics. In consecutive first order reactions, a steady state approximation can simplify the rate law. The activation energy for a reaction is experimentally determined through the Arrhenius equation and the Eyring equation. The main factors that influence the reaction rate include: the physical state of the reactants, the concentrations of the reactants, the temperature at which the reaction occurs, and whether or not any catalysts are present in the reaction.
== Factors affecting reaction rate ==
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